BUSINESS FINANCE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BUSINESS FINANCE - Research Paper Example Rajaratnam was entitled by the Forbes magazine as the independent very rich person speculative stock investments director and was additionally the 235th America’s most extravagant men in the year 2009. As on 2009, the all out total assets of Rajaratnam was over $1.88 billion. In this manner, he was the most extravagant Sri Lankan conceived substance on the planet. He began his vocation business credit master to innovation firms was filling in as the loaning official of Manhattan Bank. At that point in the year 1985, Rajaratnam joined Needham and Co. as speculation investor a concentrated on purchaser gadgets industry. It is very bewildering just as acclaim commendable actuality that from here Rajaratnam was advanced as the head of exploration at Needham and Co. in the year 1987 (just in a range of two years). He was then elevated to President of Needham and Co. in the year 1991, at the period of just 34 years. At the point when he was at the zenith of the organization, Rajarat nam seeded his own speculative stock investments organization that he at first named as the Needham Emerging Growth Company and afterward renamed it to Galleon. The support investments organization Galleon was esteemed near $4 billion in the year 2009, down from the pinnacle estimation of $7 billion in the year 2008. As per the yearly report of Galleon for the year 2009, the differentiated support stock investments organization had over 22% exacerbated yearly returns since its origin. One of the purpose behind the company’s huge achievement and pinnacle valuation for the year finishing 2008 was the unexpected breakdown of Lehman Brothers. furthermore, worldwide money related emergency that urged firms to adjust forceful supporting system. From the budget summaries of the organization from the year 2000 to 2008, it very well may be said that Rajaratnam put essentially in pharmaceutical and innovation parts. The fundamental purposes for such venture methodology could be: one, looking for development of pay as goal and two, both the segments are cautious and fare situated. Rajaratnam was truly learned to understand the significance of in novation segment in future thus he realized that by putting resources into innovation stocks at present would augment shareholders’ riches in future because of capital valuation for the stocks. The interest for medications and drugs then again will consistently persevere and presumably increment in future with the ascent in populace. As indicated by one of the eye to eye meets by Rajaratnam, he said that the best thoughts are results of continuous visits to organizations in which his organization contributed and furthermore from normal discussions with the flexible investments chiefs. In the year 2009, Rajaratnam alongside five others were charged and captured for insider exchanging and numerous fakes conviction. The organizer of Galleon subsidize, Rajaratnam argued that he was not liable and paid $100 million bail to stay free (which was the biggest bail sum throughout the entire existence of United States). Be that as it may, in May 2011, a US region court saw Rajaratnam as liable and afterward on October 2011 he was condemned to multi year detainment by the US area judge Richard Holwell. Other current and previous dealers of Galleon were accused and captured of claim of association in insider exchanging action and asserted trick. Mention that few previous workers of the association participated in the examination procedure. It was likewise revealed in media that as of January 2012, more than 50 individuals were either sentenced or confessed from the Galleon fence stock investments embarrassment (Hristova, 2012, pp.1-3). Review of Insider Trading The Galleon insider exchanging case was one of

The Touch of Magic by Lorena Hickok Essay Example For Students

The Touch of Magic by Lorena Hickok Essay The book I decided to peruse is known as The Touch of Magic composed by LorenaA. Hickok. The story was about Anne Sullivan Macy, Helen Kellers wonderfulteacher. I had never known about Anne I read this book, yet while lookingin the library my mother disclosed to me what her identity was and she appeared she wouldbe a fascinating individual to do it on. I was correct. Anne Sullivan Macy was conceived on April 14, 1866 in Feeding Hills,Massachusetts. At nine years old she was taken to the edges of Tewksbury,Massachusetts with her multi year old sibling Jimmie. There, they were sent tothe Massachusetts State Infirmary. Not on the grounds that they were intellectually wiped out oranything, but since they had no place else to go. Their mom had kicked the bucket of tuberculosis and their dad had left them. We will compose a custom article on The Touch of Magic by Lorena Hickok explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now None of their family members needed them on the grounds that Annie was about visually impaired and Jimmiehad some kind of problem with his hip and needed to stroll with a bolster. Annies oneyear old sister was removed right by her auntie and uncle since she wasdarling. No one realized where to send them so that is the manner by which she wound up at theinfirmary. A couple of months after they had shown up, Jimmie got haunting sick. The specialists couldnt do anything for him and sadly he past away. Annie took thisunbelievably hard for she had understood that Jimmie was the main thing she hadever cherished. Annies disposition at that point declined significantly more since she believed she hadnothing left. She would have hissy tantrums at the medical attendants and kick and shout. In all honesty, this is one of the character attributes that I most respect aboutMiss Macy. She was forceful and didnt let anybody instruct her. Eventhough she could scarcely observe, she carried on with her own life in her own little world. Another characteristic that I appreciate about her is that she was a visionary. I knowI am a major visionary and can lose all sense of direction in my considerations once in a while, however her dreamswerent like mine. Annie longed for having the option to see, however regularly imagined ofgoing to class. Annie needed to adapt however had nobody to educate her. At some point, about a year after Jimmies passing, the State Board of Charitiescame by to glance around. Annie was so energized on the grounds that she heard they may beable to send her to class. At the point when they were leaving she hopped before themand shouted out that she needed to go to class. The men asked her what waswrong with her and she disclosed to them that she was almost visually impaired. A couple of days after the fact, after Annie thought she had blown her opportunity of evergoing to class, a young lady from the ward came saying that Annie was to go to class. Annie was euphoric and couldnt stand by to go. This is the primary significant occasion thatI figure prompted Annies achievement. The day at long last came and Annie showed up at the Perkins Institution forthe Blind in South Boston around early afternoon. She didnt like it from the outset yet laterbecame very famous. While different young ladies remained in decent houses, Anniestayed in an old cabin with multi year old Laura Bridgman. Laura was blind,deaf, and imbecilic. Laura Bridgman had gone to that school forty a few years sooner and wastaught the manual letters in order. This is the place you impart by spelling words oneach others palms and afterward feel an item to realize that the word spelled is theword felt. .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 , .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 .postImageUrl , .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 , .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109:hover , .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109:visited , .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109:active { border:0!important; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109:active , .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109:hover { mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a 0a05c307eccbd109 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u43cbd2cead145e3a0a05c307eccbd109:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Bless Me EssayAnnie was just captivated with along these lines of imparting that shelearned the manual letter set. That is the reason I think Laura was the individual who had thegreatest effect on Annie. Annie would go through hours conversing with Laura. Shewould disclose to Laura what was happening in school and things around them and Laurawould share her considerations and sentiments back to Annie. Annie was acceptable in school and her educators saw that. She had a hard timewith Braille however after a great deal of difficult work, she got it. I believe that is anotheradmirable attribute about Annie. Her excitement and readiness to learn. aneducation was what she needed for her entire life and her fantasy at long last worked out as expected. After she learned Braille, Annie would look the library for books. She lovedto read. Summer immediately came and all the young ladies, even Laura, left for home. Theteachers would not send Annie back to Tewksbury so one of them had the option to findher an occupation accomplishing little work at a living house. One of the roomers, a youngster, truly took to Annie and felt sorry forher. One day he disclosed to her that he thought he knew about somebody who could help hereyes. Annie consented to go see Dr. Bradford at the Carney Catholic Hospital. Heinsisted on working despite the fact that she disclosed to him that she had as of now hadtwo fruitless activities. He persuaded her and began work later thatsummer. He initially remove the scabs on the internal parts of her eyelids. This wouldstop the scabs from scratching her eyeballs. He said that he would treat herfor a couple of months and afterward in a year work once more. A year passed and Annie, presently sixteen, was back. Dr. Bradford felt goodand cheerful that the activity would be fruitful. After numerous long stretches of beingbandaged up, the wraps were expelled. Hesitant to open her eyes, Annie finallydid and had the option to see. Not 100% psyche you, however she could seedetail and the specialist was grinning. Having the option to see is something else I thinkthat hinted at Annies achievement. Presently that Annie could see she had no motivation to return to class. Shehad no place to go, so the educators let her remain and help with the more youthful children. She despite everything went to classes and turned out to be well known to the point that she was votedValedictorian in her 6th and last year of school. The day was so uncommon, however all Annie could consider was what shewould do after school. Annie had no clue what she needed, however a couple ofteachers said that they may have the option to get her a line of work. Annie didnt need tothink about it so left for the mid year. Throughout a mid year day, a letter wanted Annie. It was from her principalasking her to peruse the encased letter. The letter was from a man from Alabamaasking the Perkins Institute in the event that they could suggest a decent educator for his sixyear old little girl. She was hard of hearing, daze, and moronic, her name was Helen Keller. Multi year old Annie chose to go. On March 5, 1887 Annie headed outto Alabama. This, I think would need to be the third occasion that hinted at Annies achievement. From the start Annie figured she could break through to Helen, however later foundthat it wouldnt be that simple. Helen was a perilous youngster, similar to a creature, butwhat do you expect on the off chance that you cannot hear or see? Following a couple of days Annie attempted toget through to her by being delicate, however during one of Helens seethes she knockedout Annies two front teeth. Annie chose to step up to the plate and took a stab at training Helen. .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e , .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e .postImageUrl , .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e , .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e:hover , .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e:visited , .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e:active { border:0!important; } .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e:active , .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub2ee43052991254ee759ef5226e8de9e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .ub2ee430

A New Super Bad Writing Habit Richmond Writing

A New Super Bad Writing Habit Richmond Writing I am known for my hatred of superhero movies and, frankly, the entire genre of the superhero comic book. The plot arcs are so often predictable, the attempts at stirring our emotions so bombastic. I do enjoy the occasional effort such as  Kickass that subverts the conventions of the genre, but that sort of  film  sounds its yawp into the teeth of a hurricane. Now our superpower-obsessed tastes, not being content with ruining popular cinema,  are also dumbing down speech, even student  prose. This morning during my drive to work, I listened to an otherwise talented NPR reporter use the adjective super to describe aspects of a refugee simulation under way. Her sloppy use of the term undercut the seriousness of the story: an Iranian immigrant who had fled Iraqi airstrikes in the First Gulf War teaches others how  the experience of fleeing ones home might feel. The reporter, speaking too fast as so many current NPR staff do, described a life-raft as super cramped and at about that point, I wanted to turn off the radio. Its a lazy word, super, that slowly has been creeping into student writing. I  plan to add it to my Pet Peeves list at Writers Web. The usage illustrates what Joe Glaser, author of Understanding Style, decries as too much informal diction seeping into  formal writing. I have yet to see a student in my Space Race First-Year Seminar refer to the Saturn V moon rocket as super big,  but I await that dark day with each written response. My hunch about super, as with the even worse totally, comes from the increased orality and interruptive nature of informal speech. I hear students talk over each other, omitting nuance and forethought. Most of my students and even some of my peers are not doing as much serious readingif any reading at allbeyond what a  class assigns. When my students  do read, they do not engage in any reflection on how a decent author crafts a sentence or uses language in surprising ways. Thus non-readers  are left with a small grab-bag of simple modifiers. Super has become the modifier of choice to replace other simple adjectives and adverbs:  very, extremely, extensively, and the like. In my courses, all of them more or less based upon a 100-point scale, I plan to deduct 1 point for super used in place of a more descriptive word. And I plan to be super clear about that.

Career Field Analysis Diesel Mechanic Essay - 943 Words

Ever since I could go with my dad in the tractors and equipment on the ranch, I knew I wanted to be a part of its operation. I have always been fascinated with the operations of diesel engine and much of a valuable asset they are to our world today. I helped out on the ranch whenever I could driving equipment. In the summer time it was my job to operate the swather. I really enjoyed operating it as much as I enjoyed fixing it when it broke down. When it came time to go to college the decision for a major was pretty clear. This is my second year in college in the diesel program and I really enjoy it. I have learned a lot about diesels and the field and this is what I want to do. Diesel mechanics fix and maintain every part†¦show more content†¦There are â€Å"a large number community colleges and trade and vocational schools offer programs in diesel engine repair that may lead to a certificate of completion or an associate’s degree (United States).† Acqu iring a certificate or associates of applied science is critical to getting a job no matter how much you think you know. At the job every mechanic will start at the bottom of the ladder doing menial tasks that will build them up into more important and harder jobs. An entry level job could be something simple like changing oil to a more experienced position of field repairs. Rocky Mountain Cummins is a chain of shops along the Rocky Mountains that covers nine states selling and servicing Cummins engines. I researched a diesel technician opening that was posted on their website. They gave a brief description of what the company does and their purpose. Next, they talk about responsibilities that applicants should have which include â€Å"safety, customer satisfaction, business and basic other responsibilities (Rocky)†. After that they give a very long list of requirements †¢ High School Diploma or GED is required. †¢ A 2-year technical training program completion, or completion of a 3 year apprenticeship, is strongly preferred. †¢ 3-5 years of hands-on experience is required working on diesel engines. †¢ Prefer Cummins ISX N14 certification. †¢ Quickserve experience †¢ A minimum of 2 years of customerShow MoreRelatedJust a Minute Topic2123 Words   |  9 PagesResearch on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organisation, published a report, reclassifying radiation from mobiles from category 3, with no conclusive evidence of causing cancer, to category 2b - a possible human carcinogen - along with diesel exhaust, chloroform, jet fuel, lead and DDT. In October, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that a businessmans brain tumour was caused by his use of a mobile for five or six hours a day for 12 years, paving the way for a potential host of legal actionsRead MoreTraining in Mahindra12167 Words   |  49 Pagesdata has been collected from various sources like journals, books and websites. 4. Questionnaire Design There are a total of 9 questions that aim to cover all aspects of the functional training process. It includes multiple choice questions. 5. Data Analysis Bar Graphs and Pie Charts have been used to compare data. 3 CHAPTER -1 COMPANY PROFILE History : In the mid-sixties, with the Green Revolution triggering large-scale tractor usage, there was a need for the country to build sufficient indigenousRead MoreTraining in Mahindra12160 Words   |  49 Pagesdata has been collected from various sources like journals, books and websites. 4. 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Journal of the International Hemp Association, Volume 2, Number 2, 1995 w N Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structureRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis: aims and methods An illustrationRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck

The Women of Umuofia in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart...

The Women of Umuofia in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart The only women respected in Umuofia are those like Chielo, the priestess of the Oracle of the Hills and Caves, who is removed from the pale of normalcy. Clothed in the mystic mantle of the divinity she serves, Chielo transforms from the ordinary; she can reprimand Okonkwo and even scream curses at him: Beware of exchanging words with Agbala [the name of the Oracle of the Hills and Caves]. Does a man speak when a God speaks? Beware! (95). Yet if Okonkwo is powerless before a goddesss priestess, he can, at least, control his own women. So, when Nwoyes mother asks if Ikemefuna will be staying long with them, Okonkwo bellows to her: Do what you are told woman. When did you†¦show more content†¦At the end of the novel, Obi Okonkwo yields to the implacable force of traditional ethos when choosing between his mother (representing traditionalism), who threatens to kill herself if he marries an outcast or osu, and the outcast protagonist Clara (representing the modern female). The pr egnant Clara gets an abortion and fades out of the story. But at least she is cast as an educated, financially independent woman. She has the makings of a spirited, independent character, by virtue of her overseas education and profession as a nurse. She can afford to do without Obi Okonkwo. In A Man of the People, there are images of women playing traditional roles such as singers and dancers, or women adoring rich politicians like Chief the Honorable M.A. Nanga. Mrs. Eleanor John, a tough party woman and board member -- rich, independent, assertive -- lamentably is cast as a semiliterate businesswoman with no noteworthy role. We see Chief Nangas wife, a beneficiary of the colonial, utilitarian education, dissatisfied with her husbands extramarital relationship and impending marriage to the young Edna. Mrs. Nanga complains to Odili, but when the latter sets out to unseat her husband, she reverts to her traditional role of helpmate fighting to retain her precarious social and economic position. Consequently, she remains a dependent, peripheral figure, deriving validity as a human being only fromShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart Character Analysis1130 Words   |  5 PagesMr. Wise/Ms. Smith English II HP 24 August 2017 Struggle for Power â€Å"No matter how prosperous a man was, if he was unable to rule his women and children (and especially his women) he was not really a man† (Chinua Achebe 53). This quote from Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart demonstrates the power of men as it is presented throughout the novel. 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Aristotle’s Poetics defines a Tragic Hero as a good man of high status who displays a tragic flaw ‘hamartia’ and experiences a dramatic reversal ‘peripeteia’, as well as an intense moment of recognition ‘anagnorisis’. Okonkwo is a leader and hardworking member of the Igbo community of Umuofia whose tragicRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Gender Stereotype And The Difference Between Men And Women1150 Words   |  5 PagesIn Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart gender stereotype and the difference between men and women, and also how women are treated compared to men, are presented very boldly throughout the whole novel. 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Okonkwo is a leader and hardworking member of the Igbo community of Umuofia whose tragic flaw is his great fear of weakness and failure. Okonkwo’s fall from grace in the Igbo community

Bcg of Tvs Matrix Free Essays

string(22) " to carry two people\." Dhir History of all great works is to witness that no great work was ever done without either the active or passive support of a person’s surrounding and one’s close quarters. Thus it is not hard to conclude how active assistance from seniors could prohibitively impact the execution of a project . I am highly thankful to our learned faculty Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Bcg of Tvs Matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nitin Dhir for her active guidance throughout the completion of project.Last but not the least, I would also want extend my appreciation to those who could not be mentioned here but here well played their role to inspire the curtain. B rajdeep Singh Table of content ? INTRODUCTION OF TWO WHEELER INDUSTRY †¢ †¢ †¢ Global two wheeler market – 2009 Two-wheelers Purchase Trend Two-wheelers on a roll ? INTRODUCTION OF TV Sundaram Iyengar and Sons Limited (TVSs) ? OPERATIONS REVIEW †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ? ? ? ? ? Quality TQM Cost management Going forwardSuzuki sees TVS Motor as main competitor TVS Motor Company – Mission Vision Statement TVSM – Strategy for growth BCG MATRIX †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Cash cow Star Question mark dog ANSOFF MODEL :†¢ Market penetration †¢ †¢ †¢ ? ? Market development Product development Diversification’ TOWS ANALYSIS:SUGGESTION Service offerd by showroom competitors sales promoti on ? BIBLIOGRAPHY:- †¢ †¢ †¢ INTRODUCTION OF TWO WHEELER INDUSTRY Automobile is one of the largest industries in global market. Being the leader in product and process technologies in the manufacturing sector, it has been recognized as one of the drivers of economic growth. During the last decade, well directed efforts have been made to provide a new look to the automobile policy for realizing the sector’s full potential for the economy.Aggressive marketing by the auto finance companies have also played a significant role in boosting automobile demand, especially from the population in the middle income group. Two-wheeler segment is one of the most important components of the automobile sector that has undergone significant changes due to shift in policy environment. The two-wheeler industry has been in existence in the country since 1955. It consists of three segments viz. scooters, motorcycles and mopeds. In India there are some MNC’s and Indian company dealing in automobile sector.The main key players who are dealing in this sector are Hero Honda, Bajaj, Yamaha, Honda, and TVS. Global two wheeler market – 2009 Two-wheelers to remain the preferred option over Cars – The ownership and maintenance cost of a car is 4 times of a two wheeler – Two wheelers deliver a superior mileage of 70kmpl as compared to 12kmpl of the cars. – Mileage is a key factor influencing buying behavior. Size of the total market: 43 million numbers Figures in % 42 22 9 2 3 5 15 2 Thailand USA Brazil Others China India Indonesia Vietnam Two-wheelers Purchase Trend? Growing working population ?Increased access to credit and lower interest loans ? Increased consumer embrace of financial products ? Upward migration of household income levels ? Fast paced urbanization to rise from 28% to 40% by 2020 ? Middle class expanding by 30 – 40 million every year India is on every major global automobile player’s roadmap and it isn’t hard to see why: ? India is the 2nd largest two-wheeler market in the world, ? 4th largest commercial vehicle market in the world ? 11th largest passenger car market in the world and is ? Expected to become the 7th largest by 2016.Two-wheelers on a roll ? ? The demand drivers for the two-wheeler industry are High growth in service sector @ 9% ? Favorable demographics – a young po pulation, rising house-hold incomes, increasing literacy levels ? ? ? Faster introduction of new models Increasing replacement demand (from 6 to 3 years) Absence of effective public transport. ? Increased availability of low cost retail finance (more than 1500 locations) The key factors emerging are:†¢ Target audience for two-wheelers is huge. †¢ 140 mn people will be added to the working population in the next 5 years time.Two-wheelers to remain the preferred option over Cars – The ownership and maintenance cost of a car is 4 times of a two wheeler – Two wheelers deliver a superior mileage of 70kmpl as compared to 12kmpl of the cars – Mileage is a key factor influencing buying behavior. 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Introduction of TV Sundaram Iyengar and Sons Limited (TVSs) TVS Motors is the second largest company in the two-wheeler industry with a market share of 16%. Infect, it is the only Indian company without a foreign collaboration in the two-wheeler industry.When the company opted out of the collaboration with Suzuki in 2002, many believed that TVS was headed towards extinction. But the company proved the doomsayers wrong and came out with a very successful `TVS Victor’. TVS Motors Ltd. originally incorporated in 1982 to manufacture two-wheelers in collaboration with Suzuki Motors of Japan, TVS was one of the leaders in two-wheeler industry. It is the holding company for the TVS Group of companies engaged in the manufacturing of various automotive components, two wheelers and a few other industrial products.They are also into the financial services sector. The turnover of the entire group was close to $2 billion in 2003. TVS was founded by T. V. Sundaram Iyengar in 1911. It is the only automotive manufacturer in India to get the prestigious Deming Prize. One of its subsidiaries Sundaram Clayton was the first company in India to receive the Deming followed by Sundaram Brake Linings also getting the Deming Prize. This prize is â€Å"given to organizations or divisions of organizations that have achieved distinctive performance improvement through the application of TQM in a designated year. Sundaram Clayton went on to be awarded the Japan Quality Medal. The TVS group of companies is mainly situated in Padi, Tamil Nadu, in the Type Founded Headquarters Key people Products Revenue Private Conglomerate (BSE) in 1911 by Shri. T V Sundaram Iyengar Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Mr. Venu Srinivasan Chairman Motorcycles,Mopeds,Ungeared scooters, Automotive components USD 3. 2 billion (FY 2009) TVS Motors:TVS Motor Company has its origin in SUndaram Clayton Limited, Moped Division, started in 1980.The factory was started in Hosur, Tamil Nadu in southern India. The first product launched was a 50 cc moped, which appealed to the masses because of its capability to carry two people. You read "Bcg of Tvs Matrix" in category "Papers" In the same location, the same promoters started another company in 1984, in collaboration with Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan, for the manufacture of 100 cc motorcycles under the brand name of Ind-Suzuki Motorcycles. Subsequently in the moped division was bought by Ind Suzuki Motorcycles in 1987 and the company changed its name to TVS Suzuki Ltd.Even though the company started producing all kinds of two wheelers like mopeds, scooters and motorcycles, the collaboration with Suzuki continued for the motorcycles only. The collaboration with Suzuki Motor Corporation ended in 2001 and since then the name of the company changed to TVS Motor Company. The company now develops all types of two-wheelers through its own in house RD facility and manufactures in three locations in India, Hosur in Tamil Nadu, Mysore in Karnataka and Baddi in Himachal Pradesh.It has recently started a new manufacturing plant in Indonesia to cater to the South East Asian market. The Chairman and Managing Direct or of the Company is Mr. Venu Srinivasan who is the grandson of TV Sundaram Iyengar. OPERATIONS REVIEW Quality The Company has significantly improved the quality performance of all its products through a systematic task force approach. The fact that the Company came out with Industry first five year extended warranty program on Star brand is a testimony to its manufacturing quality. TQM The Company continues to benefit from 100% participation of employees inTQM activities. The employees have completed more than 1,200 projects through QC Circles and Cross Functional Teams. The average number of suggestions implemented per employee was 69 during 2007-08. Cost management The Company continues its rigorous focus on costs through an effective deployment system. Value engineering and aggressive global sourcing projects are being pursued to reduce material costs and also to partially neutralize input material cost increase. TPM is practiced in all the plants to ensure significant improvement in productivity and reduction in manufacturing cost.During 2007-08, the Hosur and Mysore plants were awarded the TPM excellence certificate by the Japanese Institute of Plant Management (JIPM). Going forwardGoing forward, the road for TVS appears to be bumpy. Automobile industry is the most competitive industry with competition on all fronts viz. pricing, innovations, supply chain, efficiency etc. The situation is further aggravated by rise in raw materials like steel, rubber, plastics etc, as the company is not able to increase the selling price in proportion, thereby affecting the net profit growth. This is evident from the fact that though in FY04 sales grew by 4%, operating profit fell by 1%. Though the raw material prices have cooled off from their peaks, we expect margins to remain under pressure in near future. Riding on significant growth in the two-wheeler segment over the years, coupled with strong cash position and expectation of buoyant economy, two wheeler companies have been planning capacity expansions. Hero Honda has embarked on a green field expansion plan (initial investment of Rs 2. 5 bn). Bajaj Auto (BJAT. BO, news) is expected to increase its capacity by 33% by June 2005. Similarly Honda Motors and Scooters (SCOO. BO, news) India Ltd, 100% subsidiary of Honda Motors Japan is expected to double its capacity in FY06. These developments are likely to create a significant increase in supply of two wheelers, changing the demand supply scenario and thus putting pressure on margins. As compared to TVS, its competitors are sitting with on a huge pile of cash. Hero Honda generated close to Rs 9 bn from operations, where as Bajaj Auto generated Rs 15 bn from operation in FY04, thereby are in a better position to execute expansion plans.TVS generated Rs 2 bn from operations in FY04. National Council for Applied and Economic Research (NCAER), in its report has projected that the demand for motorcycles will be almost 10 times of that of the scooters by 2011-12. TVS, traditionally is considered to be a regional player with a strong hold in Southern region. As per NCAER report, major demand for Scooters is expected to come from northern region, which will account for 50% of the total demand. Similarly the major demand for motorcycle is expected to be from Western region, which will account for 40% of the total demand.Thus it will require considerable effort on part of the management to significantly improve their presence in these regions. This may have an adverse impact on profits due to additional expenditure on account of advertising and publicity. Suzuki sees TVS Motor as main competitor SUZUKI MOTOR Corporation (SMC) and Venu Srinivasan-led TVS Group may have parted company. But the separation seems to be still working on the mind of the erstwhile foreign partner in the former joint venture TVS Suzuki Ltd. (now TVS Motor).SMC, which is now entering the Indian two-wheeler segment independently, has sort of identified TVS Motor as its principal competitor. In a chat with the visiting Indian newspersons at Hamamatsu in Japan, Shinzo Nakanishi, Managing Director, had on more than one occasion indicated that their target would be TVS Motor. Suzuki would aim to match the production and sales of TVS. â€Å"Otherwise, there is no meaning for the divorce,† he asserted. Suzuki is currently waiting for the `cooling off’ period post-separation to end to launch head-on into the Indian two-wheeler market.The cooling-off period ends in April 2004. Mr. Nakanishi indicated that the SMC joint venture with Integra Group would go on stream in the autumn of 2005. While declining to divulge the capacity of the proposed plant, he said the initial Suzuki investment in the venture would be around $10 million. To a question, he said, the joint venture would focus on producing products in the growing segments (100cc to 150cc four- stroke vehicles). Suzuki had picked the plant location in Haryana in view of the fact that Maruti Udyog had already established a large vendor base around that place.Mr. Nakanishi said Integra would function only as a facilitator for Suzuki to get into the twowheeler business. â€Å"It will be a gate for us. We will buy them out over a period,† he added. Asked to comment on TVS Motor’s proposal to enter the Southeast Asian market, Mr. Nakanishi was guarded but did not mince words. â€Å"We will fight them out there as well,† he asserted. The market in Southeast Asia was competitive, he said. And, Suzuki had presence in countries like Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. Indian two wheeler market – Competitive ScenarioIndia is now the second largest two-wheeler market in the world TVS Motor Company – Mission We are committed to being a highly profitable, socially responsible, and leading manufacturer of high value for money, environmentally friendly, lifetime personal transportation products under the TVS brand, for customers predominantly in Asian markets and to provide fulfilment and prosperity for employees, dealers and suppliers. Vision Statement TVS Motor – Driven by the customer TVS Motor will be responsive to customer requirements consonant with its core competence and profitability.TVS Motor will provide total customer satisfaction by giving the customer the right product, at the right price, at the right time. TVS Motor – The Industry Leader TVS Motor will be one among the top two two-wheeler manufacturers in India and one among the top five two-wheeler manufacturers in Asia. TVS Motor Company is the third larges t twowheeler manufacturer in India and one among the top ten in the world, with annual turnover of more than USD 1 billion in 2007-2008, and is the flagship company of the USD 4 billion TVS Group.TVSM – Strategy for growth †¢ Secure product leadership by – Introducing brands that break compromises for customers. – Offering the most innovative ‘package’ of product, access and finance. – Faster introduction of Refresh / upgrades †¢ Forge TVSM into an organization that is ‘fit for growth’ by – Delivering best-in-class durability ; reliability – Building a lean and flexible manufacturing with faster ramp-up capability. – Aggressive global sourcing – Sweating assets to the maximum. – Leveraging the power of IT across core functions. †¢ Accelerate development ; deployment of energy-efficient technologies.TVS Motor posts 23% growth in November 2009 Scooters grow at 38%; Domestic Sales increase 38%Hosur, 01 December 2009: TVS Motor Company has posted 23% growth in November 2009, registering total two wheeler sales of 120,844 units against 98,402 units in the corresponding period of the previous year. The company continued to post growth in sales for the eighth consecutive month, registering a cumulative growth of 8% with sales of 989,353 units in the current financial year up to November 2009 against 917,4 39 units in the same period last year.Domestic sales of the company witnessed a quantum increase in sales positing growth of 38% recording 106,836 units in November 2009 as against 77,491 in the corresponding period of the previous year. The company’s scooter sales grew by 38% posting 25,115 units when compared to 18,210 units in the corresponding period of the previous year. Total motorcycle sales of the company stood at 45,080 units in November 2009 when compared to 45,276 units recorded in November 2008. Exports recorded sales of 14,008 units of two wheelers in November 2009 as against 60,911 units in the corresponding period of the previous year.During the month, the company unveiled two novel products, 110 cc motorcycle TVS Jive and 110 cc automatic scooter, TVS WEGO. TVS Jive features innovative T-Matic technology with rotary gear technology coupled with an automatic clutch. The bike’s anti-stall mechanism makes smooth riding possible at low speeds even in high gears, without the engine shutting off. The downward rotary gear system enables the rider to reach neutral straight from top gear. The bike can be started in any gear and is fitted with an electric tart for convenience. TVS WEGO is a multi-user, family-friendly and sleek metal bodied scooter that strikes a perfect balance between stability and maneuverability, power and mileage, and sturdiness and ease, making it a delight to ride for any category of users. The company hopes to add around 15% to 20% to its monthly sales, once these new products are made available in the market. BCG MATRIX OF TVS:- Star Ungeared scootar Question mark (Flame bike and newly launched ungeared scooter) Dog (Motorcycles) Cash cow ( Mopeds)Cash cow:- tvs moped is the cash cow of tvs motors ,because it covers 82 % market share in the moped sector The success of this product can be attributable to two things : price and utility. At a low price one could have something better than a cycle and also which was simple to handle and no hassles. The brand became favorites for small traders and at one point of time an entry level category for t eenagers Star: This category represents the high market share and high industry growth. SBU’s in this category require large investment to defend their position. SBU will turn as cash cow after some time Ungeared scooters grew at 12% as compared to 16% in the previous year, increasing its category share to 14%. that’s why it will come in star category Dogs: SBU’s in this category generates less cash for the company as it operates in low growth and low market share. Usually companies will not invest in this category and try to liquidate or divest. In the motorcycle category, the Economy segment suffered maximum decline of 15%, as this segment is most sensitive to retail finance.The Executive segment increased by 15%aided by launch of new products by leading manufacturers. Premium segment recorded growth of 7% over the previous year. The category share of motorcycles came down marginally from 82% in 2007-08 to 81% in 2008-09. so motorcycle will come in dogs category Question Mark: This category represents high market growth and low market share. SBU’s in this category has two options, either to invest heavily and bring them to star position or divest / liquidate from that position. The efresh of TVS Flame and a new motorcycle planned for launch in the second half of 2009-10 will help the Company to leverage this opportunity. The Company has a strong presence in the sub-100cc ungeared scooter segment. However, the Company is currently absent in the large scooter format, which accounts for 70% of the total ungeared scooters. The Company plans to launch a new product during the second half of 2009-10 to target these customers. Emergence of electric scooters, especially in the context of rising fuel prices, provides a new avenue of growth. So these products will come under question mark category ANSOFF MODEL:- Market penetration: A strategy used in increasing the sales of company’s existing products without modifying it in the existing market. Characteristics of market penetration. 1. Serve customer with existing products by opening new stores. 2. Increase the promotion activities to increase the consumption. 3. Improve the service offerings. So in marketing penetration company doing penetrate on moped market because there are very few competitor and large market ,so this area TVS recognized and working in this areaMarket development: In this strategy company identifies the new markets to sell their existing products In case of market development company identifies and develops new markets for its existing products. In the premium segment, TVSL successfully replaced a high selling model like Fierro with another advanced product Apache. Apache along with the recently launched fuel injected(FI) model have been able to garner a ~10% market share. However increased competition in the segment owing to Yamaha FZ-16 ; Suzuki GS150R could translate into loss of market share for TVS.Product development: In this strategy, Company identifies new markets and sells their existing products. Over the last four years, the positive surprise for the company has come from most unlikely segment of mopeds. This segment had a CAGR of 13% over FY05-09 with strong demand from rural areas of South India. At present, TVSL is the only player in the moped segment. In the same timeframe, motorcycles sales for the company had a negative CAGR of 8%. Mopeds which were contributing 22% of TVSL’s volumes in FY05, now contributes 32% of volumes. This reflects the marginalization of the company n the domestic motorcycle market. In this process, company’s profitability has been adversely impacted due to growing dependence on low margin entry level segment motorcycles. Diversification’s strategy for company growth through starting up or acquiring businesses outside the company’s current products and markets TVS launched its 3-wheelers passenger carrier in endFY09. At present, this product is launched in South India and company intends to have a country wide presence during 2010. TVS King is currently available with a 2-stroke engine in petrol and LPG variants, with 4-stroke version planned for launch by 2010.The 3wheelers industry in India is in a slowdown phase and is dependent on replacement demand as there are restrictions on issue of new permits for 3-wheelers in major towns and cities. The market is currently dominated by BJAUT which is developing a 4-wheeledalternative for the 3wheelers. TOWS ANALYSIS:Strength Weakness †¢ Huge sale network (3500 Dealers). †¢ Better sale service. †¢ It has the highest share in automobile sector. †¢ It has a good brand image. †¢ It gives better service for customers. †¢ Best customer preference. †¢ Debt equity ratio is only 0. 1. Suppose to be very sophisticated. †¢ Not fit for rural India. †¢ They have big gap between cubic capacities of its products. †¢ Its market share is reducing from last few years. †¢ Spare parts are too costly. †¢ If they are able to improvise the fuel efficiency of Scooty pep+, it will be a golden opportunity to take over the market. †¢ Growing world demand for entrylevel motorcycles especially in emerging markets †¢ Main threats to TVS are their competitors like:†¢ Bajaj Auto Ltd. †¢ Hero Honda. †¢ Yamaha Motors India. †¢ The cost of the product is very high in comparison to other companies.SUGGESTION:- Services offer by showroom:TVSshould provide quality services to their customers to keep long lasting customers relationship. ? Sales ? Repairs ? Servicing ? Maintenance of vehicles The unit should undertakes all kinds of sales, repairs, servicing and maintenance of all TVS motorcycles. It should offers 4-5 free services for new vehicles, regular services after free services and general checkups. Competitors:- As the business grows the competition also increases. So the firm to be successful must prove greater customer value and satisfaction than its competitors.So the firm should carry out continuous innovative marketing strategy to hold the market. The main competitors of TVS are: ? (Hero Honda). ? (Yamaha-Escorts). ? ( Bajaj) Sales promotion:Sales promotion tool are used by most firm includingmanufacturers, distrubuters, retailers and trade association. They should targeted towards final buyers. It is a short term incentives to encourage purchase or sale of a product, where advertising offers reason to buy a product , sales promotion offers reason to buy now . Promotion plays an important role in the total performance mix.Tvs Motors should undertakes various promotional activities. Such as: ? Exchange offers by arranging exchange melas ? Monsoon Mela ? Mega service camp ? Finance facilities ? Test drive ? Free service camps ? Keeping customer data base ? Calling for free service to the customers ? Follow-up customers complaint ? Diwali Dhamaka offers So these all activities company should use to promote their product and give the best service to maintain their growth in the market.BIBLIOGRAPHY:- ? http://marketingpractice. blogspot. com/2007/03/tvs-50-rip-1980. html ? http://www. oogle. co. in/#hl=en;source=hp;q=swot+analysis+of+tvs+product;aq=f;a qi=g10;aql=;oq=;gs_rfai=;fp=1c2d003805b123bc ? http://www. google. co. in/#hl=en;source=hp;q=swot+analysis+of+tvs+product;aq=f;a qi=g10;aql=;oq=;gs_rfai=;fp=1c2d003805b123bc ? http://www. indiainfoline. com/Markets/Company/Fundamentals/Management- Discussions/TVS-Motor-Company-Ltd/532343 ? http://www. google. co. in/#hl=en;source=hp;q=cash+cow+product+for+tvs+motors;aq =f;aqi=;aql=;oq=;gs_rfai=;fp=1c2d003805b123bc ? http://www. oppapers. com/subjects/swot-analysis-of-tvs-motors-page1. html How to cite Bcg of Tvs Matrix, Papers

Project Management Sexual Violence in Schools

Question: Discuss about the Project Managementfor Sexual Violence in Schools. Answer: Project Relevance and Need In the last few years, the cases of violence and sexual abuse against the feminine gender have risen considerably in South Africa. The victims are not only the older women but also infants and school children. The cases of violence start from bullying and mental torture and continue to grow significantly till physical torture and murder. Hence, South Africa requires urgent help and action to prevent these crimes and save the female population of the country. Soul City is one of the voluntary organizations that have come forward for taking suitable preventive measures against the rising number of crimes against the female population (Mncube and Harber 2013). The main area where Soul City will work in partnership with Grassroot Soccer is the violence against girl children in South African schools. According to the studies, at least 60% girl children fail to complete school each year in South Africa due to rising amounts of sexual abuse, harassment, bullying, emotional and psychological punishments, rape or even murder. The main aim of Soul City is to make the environments of the schools safer for the girl children so that they are able to complete the education without any fear. The project is needed to reduce the crime rates and violence against women and South Africa and promote education among them. Moreover, self defense trainings will help the women and girl children to resist against an attempted abuse in any environment. Project Description The project deals with the development of a safe environment for the girl children in school by increasing their resistance power against attempted abuse and reducing the violence against the girl children to as much as possible. Moreover, the main target of the project is to create a safe environment in the schools so that female students are able to complete their education without facing any kinds of violence or abuse. The project also targets training and counseling of the female students so that they are able to stand up against the criminals and abusers and successfully resist any attempts of abuse (Jewkes, Flood and Lang 2015). The cases of violence start from bullying and mental torture and continue to grow significantly till physical torture and murder. As a result, South Africa requires urgent help and action to prevent these crimes and save the female population of the country. Soul City is one of the voluntary organizations that have come forward for taking suitable preve ntive measures against the rising number of crimes against the female population. Hence, this project is aimed at reducing crimes rates against female students in school and helping the female students in completing their education without any fear. Expected Results The expected results are as follows. Girls Empowerment The first main target of the project and expected result is girls empowerment. Soul City aims at training the girl children in the schools so that they do not run away from schools and stand up against any violence or abuse attempt made towards them. Most of the abusers get more adamant as the girls run away from the schools instead of standing up against them. However, if the girls are able to stand up against these abusers and take action against them, it is expected the abuse rate will be successfully reduced significantly. School Capacity Strengthening Another expected result is the strengthening of school capacity against fighting of violence and abuse actions done on the female children. In order to reduce the rates of abuse and crime, school must play the major role and take immediate and suitable actions against the abusers (Meinck et al. 2016). Without the help of the school authority, the female children will not be able to stand up and resist the abuse attempts. The schools are expected to be able to identify the abusers and punish them strongly in order to prevent any acts of violence and abuse in the school boundaries. Participation of Parents Another major target of the project is to educate the parents in guiding their children to fight against abuse attempts and violence. Moreover, it has been noticed that many parents are sexist in nature and abort or sell their girl children in favor of boy child. The project will focus on addressing this issue and educate the parents in realizing the fact that girl children are priceless treasures of a society. The parents must learn about the different abuse and violence activities that are faced by the girl children at schools. Moreover, they should also learn not to exhibit sexist behavior towards their children and treat all of them equally. If these targets are achieved, the girl children will be more encouraged to fight against violence and abuse. Changing Attitudes of Boys Another important target to be reached by this project is changing the attitudes of the boys towards girls. It has been seen that the mentality of most of the boys is to demean the girls and treat them with extremely low quality behavior (Barth et al. 2013). These cases of hatred lead to the violence and abuse practices of the boys. Hence, the boys must be educated in order to change these types of mentalities. The boys should be taught to treat girls equally and not abuse them. Unless the education starts at grassroot level, these mentalities cannot be changed generally. Hence, the target of this project is to educate the boys during primary school to respect girls and not abuse them. Community Members The final expected outcome of the project is the engagement of the community members around the schools to take active parts in stopping violence and abuse against girls in the schools. In order to resist violence and abuse attempt, the neighboring community members must take suitable actions and ensure the wrongdoers are not able to run away after doing some criminal activity in the school. Moreover, these community members can take active part in making the environment in school safe for all the students. National Scope and Acceptability South Africa requires urgent help and action to prevent these crimes and save the female population of the country. Soul City is one of the voluntary organizations that have come forward for taking suitable preventive measures against the rising number of crimes against the female population. The main area where Soul City will work in partnership with Grassroot Soccer is the violence against girl children in South African schools. According to the studies, at least 60% girl children fail to complete school each year in South Africa due to rising amounts of sexual abuse, harassment, bullying, emotional and psychological punishments, rape or even murder (Shamu et al. 2015). The main aim of Soul City is to make the environments of the South African schools safer for the girl children so that they are able to complete the education without any fear. Due to the issues, the education system of South Africa is getting eroded and the literacy rate is also decreasing at a constant rate. Hence , the national scope of this project is increase in literacy rate in South Africa, especially the women. Partnerships and Collaborations In order to implement this project, Grassroot Soccer is collaborating with Soul City Institute for Health Development Communication NPC. In this collaboration, stakeholders from both the organizations will take active parts in ensuring all the proposed plans and actions for creating a safe environment for girl children in schools of South Africa. Sustainability Plan In order to ensure the project outcomes do not fail, a sustainability plan is necessary. The main objective of this plan will be to maintain sustainability of the project i.e. to continue providing safe educational environment in the schools for the girl children in South Africa (Bhana 2015). The project is based on a long-term effect plan for increasing the literacy rate of women in South Africa and prevent the violence and abuse against them. Hence, there must be a sustainability plan for the project that will have to be executed along with the execution of the project. Evaluation Plan The evaluation of the project will be based on certain factors. These factors will depend on the actual outcomes of the project. As discussed previously, there are certain specific outcomes that are expected from the project. It is desired that all these outcomes be met in order at the end of the project. After the project is complete, a document will be prepared based on the generated actual outcomes (Dartnall and Jewkes 2013). The evaluation of this document will be based on the comparison between the expected outcomes and the actual outcomes. Hence, in order to find the actual outcomes, a survey will be conducted six months after the completion of the project. The trend of the opinions of the girl children in the survey will determine the success of the project. Logical Framework Diagram Figure: Logic Frame Diagram (Source: Created by Author) References Barth, J., Bermetz, L., Heim, E., Trelle, S. and Tonia, T., 2013. The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of public health,58(3), pp.469-483. Bhana, D., 2015. When caring is not enough: The limits of teachers support for South African primary school-girls in the context of sexual violence.International Journal of Educational Development,41, pp.262-270. Cluver, L., Meinck, F., Yakubovich, A., Doubt, J., Redfern, A., Ward, C., Salah, N., De Stone, S., Petersen, T., Mpimpilashe, P. and Romero, R.H., 2016. Reducing child abuse amongst adolescents in low-and middle-income countries: a pre-post trial in South Africa.BMC public health,16(1), p.567. Dartnall, E. and Jewkes, R., 2013. Sexual violence against women: the scope of the problem.Best practice research Clinical obstetrics gynaecology,27(1), pp.3-13. Hinsberger, M., Sommer, J., Kaminer, D., Holtzhausen, L., Weierstall, R., Seedat, S., Madikane, S. and Elbert, T., 2016. Perpetuating the cycle of violence in South African low-income communities: attraction to violence in young men exposed to continuous threat.European journal of psychotraumatology,7(1), p.29099. Jewkes, R., Flood, M. and Lang, J., 2015. From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls.The Lancet,385(9977), pp.1580-1589. Lambert, C. and Andipatin, M., 2014. An exploration of student perceptions of the risks and protective factors associated with child sexual abuse and incest in the Western Cape, South Africa.African Safety Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention,12(1), pp.35-51. Mathews, S. and Benvenuti, P., 2014. Violence against children in South Africa: Developing a prevention agenda.South African Child Gauge,1, pp.26-34. Meinck, F., Cluver, L.D., Boyes, M.E. and Loening-Voysey, H., 2016. Physical, emotional and sexual adolescent abuse victimisation in South Africa: prevalence, incidence, perpetrators and locations.Journal of epidemiology and community health,70(9), pp.910-916. Mncube, V.U.S.I. and Harber, C., 2013. The dynamics of violence in South African schools.UNISA, Pretoria. Otwombe, K.N., Dietrich, J., Sikkema, K.J., Coetzee, J., Hopkins, K.L., Laher, F. and Gray, G.E., 2015. Exposure to and experiences of violence among adolescents in lower socio-economic groups in Johannesburg, South Africa.BMC public health,15(1), p.450. Shamu, S., Gevers, A., Mahlangu, B.P., Shai, P.N.J., Chirwa, E.D. and Jewkes, R.K., 2015. Prevalence and risk factors for intimate partner violence among Grade 8 learners in urban South Africa: baseline analysis from the Skhokho Supporting Success cluster randomised controlled trial.International health, p.ihv068.

Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essays

Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essays Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essay Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essay Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) is an upscale specialty food store that stocks the very best domestic and imported foods products. Kudler is divided into five departments; fresh bakery and pastries, fresh produce, fresh meat/seafood, condiments, packaged foods, cheeses, and specialty dairy products. As an upscale specialty food store, KFF has provided its customers with the finest selection of gourmet products imported from around the world. The organization has had enormous success because of the products they sell as well as the service they provide. The organization has developed new strategies and objectives that will help promote growth and profitability. Kathy Kudler, founder of KFF now wants to focus on expanding their services, improving the efficiency of its operation, and increasing the consumer purchase cycle as a means to increasing the loyalty and profitability of its consumers (UOP, 2009). Kudlers strategic objectives are to increase customer loyalty through a frequent shopper program and expanding services. The new strategy is very customer service oriented and requires the organization also to develop and implement a new compensation strategy. This paper will develop compensation for the six critical positions within the KFF organization, provide a job analysis along with a job description, explain the skill-based job-design preference, examine competitive compensation rates within the market, describe the message that compensation strategies covey to employees, provide a recommendation and implementation of the new compensation plan and illustrate a performance appraisal that will be used by KFF for each level within the organization. This paper will ultimately propose a compensation plan with strategies that will help KFF obtain their long-term profitability and human resource objectives. Job Analysis Job analysis is in essence is the combination of job descriptions and job specifications or skills necessary to perform the duties and responsibilities of a job. Job analysis involves the determination of the skills require to perform a particular job. It details the tasks, procedures, skills, and attitude needed for successful performance of the job or position. Many companies and managers use job descriptions and job analysis to set employee goals and objectives, so they are tied into the needs of the work unit or company (Bhushan, 2000, p. 2). Job analysis plays an important role in developing a compensation strategy. Job analysis should be used when developing a compensation package, the job requirements and skills listed in a job analysis should be used to help determine salary. Organizations use information obtained by job analysis for recruitment, selection, placement, organization planning, job design, training, grievance settlement, as well as job evaluation and other compensation programs (Bhushan, 2000, p. 2). The following is a Job Analysis Table that will help KFF in determining the proper compensation structure for their six critical positions; Store Manager, Assistant Store Manager, Department Manager, Cashier, Stock Person, and Bagger. Job design is an integral part of the job analysis process. Job design is made up of two approaches; job-based approach and skill-based approach. It helps to decide the content of the job in terms of responsibilities. Job-based approach deals with the responsibilities of a job or position. With this approach employees are hired to fill open positions, trained to perform the tasks, and rewarded based on performance levels (Lawler, 1994). Job-based approach relies heavily on the contents of the job and the duties and tasks related to completing the job, this approach is strictly concerned with the job itself and human capital or skills. A job-based plan pays employee for the job to which they are assigned, regardless of the skills they possess (Milkovich, 2005). Job-based pay structure is based on job performed and job market and pay increases are through promotion. Skill-based approach deals with the skills it takes to complete the responsibilities and duties of a position. This approach has a major focus on the skills employees possess as oppose to the job. Skill-based approach is most effective in work situations where knowledge work is involved and where individuals can add significant value to the product or service (Lawler Ledford, 1992, p. 384). The skill-based approach pay structure is based on skills certification and the market and pay increases are provided through on skill acquisition. Structures based on skill pay individuals for all the skills for which they have been certified regardless of whether the work they are doing requires all or just a few of those particular skills (Milkovich, 2005). Both approaches offer valid advantages and disadvantages however I strongly prefer the use of skills-based approach. This approach will be the approach for Kudler Foods as it is in the growth stage of business. As organizations grow their business needs change and the jobs they offer change as well. The skill sets for the organization evolve and become more important and valuable.

Cuál es diferencia entre universidad y college en EEUU

Cul es diferencia entre universidad y college en EEUU Una de las primeras preguntas que se hacen los estudiantes internacionales o los migrantes recià ©n llegados y que quieren estudiar una carrera universitaria en Estados Unidos  es cul es la diferencia entre una universidad y un college. La respuesta es que es muy pequeà ±a, pero la hay. En muchas ocasiones, incluso los estadounidenses utilizan los tà ©rminos de universidad y de college como si fueran lo mismo, ya que la diferencia es pequeà ±a y se explica a continuacià ³n. Quiz para los estudiantes recià ©n llegados o que planean estudiar en Estados Unidos es ms importante saber quà © es un community college y quà © son carreras profesionales en Estados Unidos. Quà © se entiende por un college en Estados Unidos Es una institucià ³n educativa superior, generalmente dedicada casi exclusivamente  a estudios de licenciatura. Los estudiantes tras completar crà ©ditos generalmente en cuatro aà ±os reciben su licenciatura en B.A. (Bachelors of Arts) o en un B.S. (Bachelors of Science). Quà © son los liberal arts colleges en Estados Unidos Un tipo especial dentro de los colleges es el  conocido como liberal arts colleges. Son instituciones privadas con pocos estudiantes, generalmente menos de cinco mil, e incluso menos. Se caracterizan porque la mayorà ­a de sus estudiantes estudian a tiempo completo materias relacionadas con las artes liberales, como inglà ©s, literatura, sociologà ­a, historia, etc. Adems, la mayorà ­a de los profesores se dedican casi en exclusividad a la enseà ±anza y no tanto a la investigacià ³n y a la publicacià ³n de sus trabajos. Los liberal arts colleges, tambià ©n conocidos como baccalaureate colleges, son famosos por tener una fuerte vida comunitaria. En la actualidad, segà ºn un ranking elaborado por la prestigiosa revista U.S. News and World Report, los cinco mejores liberal arts colleges de los Estados Unidos son los siguientes: Williams College, MassachusettsAmherst College, MassachusettsBowdoin College, MaineSwarthmore College, PensilvaniaEl exclusivamente femenino Wellesley College, Massachusetts, y Middlebury College, Vermont, empatados en quinta posicià ³n. Las posiciones suelen variar poco de aà ±o a aà ±o. Todos los liberal arts colleges incluidos en la lista cobran matrà ­culas superiores a los $50.000 por semestre y tienen, en total, menos de 2.000 estudiantes. A quà © se le llaman universidad en Estados Unidos Es una institucià ³n educativa superior donde se ofrecen estudios de licenciatura –B.A y B.S.–, maestrà ­as, doctorados –Ph.D.–, adems de estudios profesionales. Pueden ser gigantescas y pà ºblicas o privadas. Como entre los estudiantes internacionales de origen latinoamericano es frecuente estudiar ingenierà ­a es recomienda conocer cules son  10 mejores universidades.   Para los estudiantes brillantes, tanto de Estados Unidos como extranjeros, se recomienda solicitar ingreso en al menos una universidad  Ivy League, si bien tener siempre en cuenta que hay universidades muy prestigiosas y de excelente nivel acadà ©mico que no estn incluidas en esta calificacià ³n, que tiene un origen histà ³rico concreto. Entre las universidades de excelente consideracià ³n econà ³mica y que no son Ivy League destacan: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.)Stanford UniversityCarnegie MellonUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of Texas, AustinGeorgia Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana ChampaignUniversity of Michigan, Ann ArborUniversity of ChicagoDukeJohns Hopkins Algunas de ellas, como por ejemplo Berkeley, Austin Urbana Champaign y Ann Arbor son universidades pà ºblicas. Quà © es un community college o colegio comunitario Son instituciones de educacià ³n superior tambià ©n conocidos como junior o technical colleges. Los estudiantes se dedican a obtener certificados o diplomas profesionales o, al cabo de crà ©ditos que generalmente se consiguen en dos aà ±os, a obtener un grado de asociado (Associate ´s degree o A.S. por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Es muy comà ºn que despuà ©s de sacar un A.S. los estudiantes realicen  un transfer a un college y, tras otros dos aà ±os de estudios, se licencien con un B.A. o un B.S. Sin embargo, no todos los colleges y universidades admiten esta posibilidad. Los community colleges ofrecen grandes ventajas tanto para estudiantes americanos o inmigrantes como para los internacionales. Uno de los que ms destaca es el costo. En esta base de datos puede  verificarse  cunto cuesta estudiar en  ms de 1,000 Community Colleges  en todo el paà ­s y tambià ©n puntuacià ³n del TOEFL, los que lo piden ya que en muchos no es requisito. Quà © son los professional colleges En Estados Unidos carreras como Derecho o Medicina se estudian en universidades profesionales despuà ©s de haber obtenido un B.A. o un B.S. Es decir, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en la mayorà ­a de nuestros paà ­ses no son una licenciatura que se puede estudiar directamente al finalizar la high school (lo que se conoce en algunos paà ­ses hispanoparlantes como bachillerato, liceo o prepa). Sino que es necesario licenciarse y luego aplicar y ser admitido en un professional college. Es muy importante planificar con tiempo, incluso con varios aà ±os de anticipacià ³n, principalmente cuando se desea solicitar el ingreso a Medicina, ya que es un proceso largo y complicado. Tips para los futuros estudiantes universitarios Aplicar para ingresar a una universidad o college es un proceso complejo y largo. Estas son las ocho piezas necesarias para tener una aplicacià ³n completa. Para los estudiantes no habituados al sistema anglosajà ³n, esos requisitos pueden resultar confusos y puede dar lugar a que por ignorancia no se preparen convenientemente. Consejos para estudiantes internacionales en colleges y universidades de EE.UU. Los estudiantes internacionales necesitan una visa para poder estudiar en EEUU. Para obtenerla se requiere que previamente hayan sido admitidos por una institucià ³n acadà ©mica. Para ello necesitarn haber demostrado conocimientos de inglà ©s, generalmente tomando el examen que se conoce como TOEFL y obtener un buen puntaje.   Obviamente, dentro de esas categorà ­as no se encuentran ni los migrantes que cuentan con una tarjeta de residencia permanente ni tampoco los inmigrantes indocumentados. En cuanto a las visas, informarse sobre la visa F-3 para el caso de mexicanos  o canadienses que viven en la zona fronteriza e ingresar a Estados Unidos a estudiar pero mantienen su residencia en Mà ©xico o Canad. Asimismo, para obtener una visa de estudiante internacional es neceario  probar que tienen recursos econà ³micos suficientes, bien propios o de los padres o bien porque han obtenido una beca relevante. Tener presente que las universidades tambià ©n destinan dinero a becas de mà ©rito o deportivas. De hecho, 13 de à ©lite siguen la polà ­tica de need-blind tambià ©n para estudiantes internacionales lo que significa becas totales (o casi). Por à ºltimo, dentro del largo proceso que supone aplicar a varias universidades o colleges, ser admitido y solicitar la visa, es posible que se necesite  validar los estudios realizados  fuera de Estados Unidos. Es fundamental seguir las instrucciones de cada institucià ³n acadà ©mica sobre quà © empresa puede hacer la convalidacià ³n. Otras visas disponibles para los estudiantes internacionales En ocasiones, lo à ºnico que se desea es practicar el inglà ©s y pasar unos meses en Estados Unidos o se desea estudiar un aà ±o acadà ©mico de high school. Para estos casos, adems de las visas F-1 puede resultar conveniente informarse sobre los programas incluidos dentro de la visa J-1 de intercambio, ya que  pueden ser una muy buena opcià ³n, por ejemplo: Visas para trabajar y viajar en verano para estudiantes universitarios de otros paà ­ses.Visas para monitor en campamentos de verano. Las opciones son variadas y tanto si se opta por una visa J-1 como por una F-1 de estudiante lo ideal es que se adapte a las necesidades y deseos del estudiante. Conservar la visa como estudiante internacional Una vez que se tiene la visa se debe hacer todo lo posible para evitar caer en comportamientos que pueden ponerla en riesgo de cancelacià ³n. Algunas actividades, como el consumo de marihuana, puede no ser visto como algo grave por los estudiantes, pero lo cierto es que desde el punto de vista migratorio puede ocasionar un gran dolor de cabeza. Tener en cuenta que hay estados en los que es legal el consumo de marihuana, sin embargo, las leyes federales la consideran una sustancia prohibida. Las leyes que aplican a los estudiantes internacionales son las federales por lo que deberà ­an abstenerse de incumplir la ley. Finalmente, a la hora de tener relaciones consentidas con un menor de edad hay que tener en cuenta las leyes de edad de consentimiento sexual en cada estado ya que su incumplimiento puede tener consecuencias serias. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Propaganda Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Propaganda Analysis - Assignment Example This was dictated to journalists in a top-down fashion. After the media carried these dubious official stories without cross-checking facts, it was disseminated horizontally among Iraqi citizens as well as abroad. There are also instances of misattribution of sources (black) as well as intended ambiguity with respect to certain sources of information (gray). If the details presented in the report were to be true, then Saddam Hussein had had employed every technique, trick and nuance to enhance his own position and interests. As per the report, Saddam Hussein employs the entire gamut of propaganda techniques there are. This includes producing falsified on-the-record information, staging suffering and grief, restricting movements of journalists, self-inflicted damage, false man-in-the-street interviews, etc. The report even claims that Saddam showed self-inflicted damage in order to garner the sympathy of the international community. Documents were fabricated, the media censored, and military assets were located in proximity to civilian residences. The latter ploy was to use civilians as human shields and protect military installations in this fashion. The report goes on to say how Saddam exploited religious sentiment for political ends. Though an atheist in practice, his photos of praying and religious obeisance were circulated both within and outside Iraq. Through such techniques Saddam manipulated the psychology of the masses of Iraq, who are easy victims for their leader’s feigned piety. Another area where Saddam attempted a massive cover-up was regarding the effects of economic sanctions. He spread the impression that the massive malnutrition and infant mortality after the end of the Gulf war was entirely the consequence of sanctions. This claim is questionable, especially since the military expenditure continued to grow during the period, just

Micro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro - Essay Example This will raise the price of gasoline and as a result its quantity demanded will also be decreased (as quantity demanded decreases when price increases owing to the law of demand). In this way, the equilibrium quantity of gasoline will reduced to the new level Q’ and equilibrium price will be raised to P’. Price S’ S D Q’ Q Quantity The impact of increase in equilibrium prices of gasoline can be traced to the consumers of gasoline i.e. automobile owners. As far as the Luxury cars are concerned, which are not so fuel-efficient, the owners of Luxury cars will face increase in operational cost of their automobiles. Thus, the increase in price of gasoline will decrease the quantity demanded for gasoline and so will also decrease the demand for Luxury cars – perfect complement for gasoline. Graphically, in the Luxury car market, the demand curve of Luxury cars will shift leftward and now there is lesser demand of Luxury cars at each unit of their prices. Given the supply of Luxury cars, the leftward shift in their demand will decrease the equilibrium quantity of Luxury cars since the decrease in their demand will lead to excess supply of Luxury cars which will put downward pressure on their price and as a result their quantity supplied will also be decreased (as quantity supplied decreases when price decreases owing to the law of supply). In this way, the equilibrium quantity of Luxury cars will be reduced to the new level Q’ and equilibrium price will be decreased to P’. Price S D’ D Q’ Q Quantity The same impact can also be traced to the market of Economy cars which are fuel-efficient. Since the increase in price of gasoline will decrease the demand of Luxury cars, the consumers will tend to switch to the less-expensive alternative – Economy cars. Since Economy cars are the substitutes of Luxury cars, decrease in demand of Luxury cars will increase the demand of Economy cars. Graphically, in the Economy car market, the demand curve of Economy cars will shift rightward and now there is more demand of Economy cars at each unit of their prices. Given the supply of Economy cars, the rightward shift in their demand will increase the equilibrium quantity of Economy cars since the increase in their demand will lead to a situation of ‘excess demand’ of Economy cars which will put upward pressure on their price and as a result their quantity supplied will also be increased (as quantity supplied increases with price). In this way, the equilibrium quantity of Economy cars will be increased to the new level Q’ and equilibrium price will also be increased to P’. Price S D D’ Q. Q’ Quantity Question 2 Price a S b Price Ceiling D QS QD Quantity At the binding price ceiling – which is the maximum price set below the equilibrium price – suppliers can't charge what they had been. Consequently, some suppliers exit the industry and thus s upply is decreased. In this way, there will be inefficiency in the market as it will prevent some sellers from selling their good to buyers who value the good higher than their cost ("Price ceiling" Wikipedia.org). On the other hand, consumers can now buy the product for less, so quantity demanded increases. This will cause a  shortage since quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. Since producer surplus is area above the supply curve and

Types of nonverbal Communication

Types of nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication The definition of nonverbal communication can be as short or as elaborate and specific as one wants to make it. In general the nonverbal communication describes any and all communication that occurs outside the realm of written or spoken words and is expressed by generation of either intentional or subconscious cues and their recognition. Commonly, nonverbal communication is divided into subcategories describing individual areas that transmit communication cues. These areas, among others, include kinesics, paralanguage, proxemics, haptics, oculesics, and physical appearance. Understanding and effective application of nonverbal communication skills is becoming increasingly important in the modern world. Also, do these nonverbal cues have the same meaning all over the world? Are these nonverbal cues just modified to fit cultural ideals? I will be explaining the different types of nonverbal communication, the importance of them, and how its used throughout different parts of the world. There are different types of nonverbal communication. The first is kinesics which is the study of body language, facial expression, and gestures. Movement is strongly connected to communication style. For example, Knapp Hall notice that movement is related to interaction synchrony, the matching and meshing behaviors that accompany conversations and discussions between two or more people. Matching and meshing usually connote a sense of pleasure with the conversation and can indicate feelings of rapport. Matching can occur through postural congruence and mirroring the persons body language. Also, motor mimicry is a form of matching, such as when a person places her hand on her heart to connote sympathy during another persons sad story. Knapp Hall state that emotional contagion usually occurs in conjunction with mimicry in conversations, meaning that the conversation partners are sharing their feelings and interacting in empathetic ways. Knapp Hall describe two fundamental types of p hysical gestures, those that accompany speech and those that do not. Gestures in general are movements made by the body or some part of it. Speech-independent gestures can include anything from a shake of the head to the finger to wrinkling the nose. These non-verbal gestures often mean different things in different contexts or in different cultures. No gesture is absolutely universal although many are commonly recognized, at least throughout the same cultural context. Some personal examples of speech-independent gestures include the thumbs-up that means everything is good†. For example, in Brazil and in Denmark the American Ok hand sign is a gesture of vulgarity, and in France the same sign signifies zero and in Japan that sign means money. Cultural differences in kinesic behaviors are as significant and complex as cultural differences in verbal language. Factors like attractiveness, appearance, gesture, movement, face, eye, and vocal behaviors differ from place to place. An understanding of cultural differences and basic awareness of those differences when communicating with persons from other cultures can enormously improve cross-cultural relationships and eliminate misunderstandings. Another among these is paralanguage. This is the study of the nonverbal cues of the voice. Various acoustic properties such as tone, pitch, and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give off nonverbal cues. George L. Trager developed different classifications in paralanguage. The first is voice set, which is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can include the situation, mood, age and persons culture. Another is voice qualities. These are the volumes of your tone, pitch, tempo, rhythm, and accent. This is very important in getting certain points across in conversation. Vocalization consists of three subsections: characterizers, qualifiers and segregates. Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning. A voice qualifier is the style of delivering a message for example, yelling Hey stop that!, as opposed to whispering Hey stop that. Vocal segregates such as uh-huh notify the speaker that the listener is listening. The se cues define in general the point you are trying to get across in conversations. Study of space as a part of nonverbal communication referred to as proxemics further analyses physical and psychological space between individuals in the interaction. Proxemics could be divided into the elements of territory and personal space. Territory refers to the general area in which the interaction occurs, while personal space is just that a space immediately around a person. One of the most important elements of proxemics is the study of haptics or in more conventional terms, touch. According to various researches, touch â€Å"enhances ones interpersonal involvement, positive affect, social attachment, intimacy, and overall liking†. The persuasive power of touch is further evident in the findings of Patterson et al, stating that people tend to associate positive characteristics with the individual who touched them. That is either speaking in terms of being friendly or intimate. For example, friendliness would be more described with handshakes. A more intimate example w ould be a kiss. But in some cultures, greeting with touch can be disrespectful in some ways. For example, in parts of Africa, trying to shake ones hand with your left is considered disrespectful. For the most part, touch of one another shows comfort and respect in America. Sign language is another aspect of nonverbal communication. The written history of sign language began in the 17th century in Spain. In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet published Reduccià ³n de las letras y arte para enseà ±ar a hablar a los mudos ‘Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak in Madrid. It is considered the first modern treatise of Phonetics and Logopedia, setting out a method of oral education for the deaf people by means of the use of manual signs, in form of a manual alphabet to improve the communication of the mute or deaf people. Sign language is a language which, instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses visually transmitted sign patterns such as manual communication, body language and lip patterns to convey meaning, simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts. The last aspect of nonverbal communication discussed in this research is physical appearance. Although, in the greater sense, attractiveness describes characteristics that go beyond the physical appearance alone, physically attractive people are perceived as â€Å"more persuasive, successful in changing attitudes, and are perceived to be warmer, more poised, and more socially skilled than less attractive people. According to Peterson and argyle, the way one dresses is also an important element of physical appearance as a source of nonverbal cues, in big part because a person has much more control over his or her clothes, as opposed to the features of the face or the body size. An example of this is the casual business clothing. It is considered distinguishing and positive status. But if you see someone in rags on the streets, you can presume that one is of lower and poorer status. Even though you cant always judge a book by its cover, physical appearance can sometimes depict who som eone is. In addition to the benefits of nonverbal communication, some problems exist as well. As the research suggests, little correlation exists between ones self-rated accuracy of decoding of the nonverbal cues and the actual performance. Some individuals also tend to concentrate more on their strongest areas of nonverbal communication while neglecting the other aspects. As in the example presented by Diane Arthur, the kinesic cues, contradictory to other verbal and nonverbal behavior, significantly undermined the credibility and effectiveness of the presenter. Another problem area within the realm of nonverbal communication is the ambiguity of generated and transmitted cues. Since the appropriate meaning and interpretation of nonverbal cues are highly contextual in nature, the same gestures, facial expressions or posture can and do mean different things in different interaction environment and settings. Often, perceivers tend to venture farther than available context allows and interpret t he signals according to their mental map, or to put it in other word their previous knowledge, experience, stereotypes and others perceptual filters. Problem is further escalated due to the natural tendency of humans to be overly confident of the purely subjective judgments reached according personally-relevant information. This idea develops into yet another obstacle in the interpretation of body language. Differences in cultural backgrounds of those involved in the interaction may interfere with correct decoding the encoded message. Most common cultural differences would probably be in kinesics. For example, a nod in the United States, as well as in many other cultures, signifies understanding or agreement. However, in the Middle East, a single nod represents disagreement or rejection. Similarly, other commonly used gestures or other aspects of nonverbal communication may have completely different meanings in various cultures. With this said, one must realize that the term cultur e does not refer to the various ethnic and geographical groups exclusively. Culture can describe anything from sex to interorganizational culture. Therefore, in order to correctly decode the nonverbal cues one must not only analyze the ones that are relative to the context of what is being communicated, but also to attempt to interpret them in light of the decoders cultural background. The task of understanding nonverbal cues clearly is extremely complex and misunderstandings are common. In conclusion, nonverbal communication is very important in depicting the message you are trying to deliver. The different kinds of communication are effective in so many ways. Some gestures are universal in meaning and some are not. But they do give a message. Without this, verbal language would show no meaning and be dull. Ones gestures and movements do bring life to conversation. Types Of Nonverbal Communication Types Of Nonverbal Communication Non-verbal communication or most commonly known as body language is the unspoken language of the body which is shown through our bodies to show our true intentions and hints of our feelings to the people whom we are conversing with. When we are conversing with others verbally our bodies simultaneously give out and receive signals which are transmitted by our bodies. This signals consists of the gestures we make, how we sit, the intonation and speed of how we talk, the distance we stand when talking and the amount of eye-contact we make while conversing. All this transmits vital non-verbal messages of oneself to another. These non-verbal messages still get across to the people around even when we are silent. The verbal message and body language very frequently contradicts which leaves the listener to choose which one to believe. Usually they will choose the body language. This is the reason why our body language should send a message which is congruent to what we are saying verbally. It is one of the biggest misconceptions to think that what is being said is more important than how it is being said. In reality only 7% of information is sent through words, the remaining 93% of communication is non-verbal. If you fail to read and de-code non-verbal messages, you set yourself up for constant misunderstandings and various communication problems. (Arina Nikitina, 2009) Sometimes the amount of attention we give towards the person who is talking can also be portrayed by our body language. The listener will increase their trust when our body language matches what we are saying but if it doesnt, the listeners will begin to develop tension, mistrust and be confused. In order to enhance what we are saying verbally, we have to be conscious of our body language to prevent sending out a wrong non-verbal message which might misinterpret what we are saying. For example, I had a classmate in secondary school which had problems catching up with his lessons in class. This was because he was suffering from some sort of mental retardation which affects his academic performance. When teacher questions him, he would apologize but the teacher would get even more furious with him and will not accept his apology. At first I thought the teacher was insensitive but then I realized that my classmate was at fault too. This is because he did not apologize in the proper mann er. His arms will be folded and while looking somewhere else he would apologize. In this case, the boy was apologizing but because of his improper body language the message he wanted to send across to the teacher was misinterpreted and the teacher thought that my classmate was being arrogant. In this scenario, the most appropriate way for my classmate to express his apology to the teacher is by looking into the teachers eyes with his arms down and saying sorry with a tone full of remorse. This real life example which happened in front of my eyes clearly demonstrates the importance of body language. This also clearly demonstrates the importance of nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication can play five roles in speech: -Repetition -Contradiction -Substitution -Complementing -Accenting Source: The Importance of Effective Communication, Edward G. Wertheim, Ph.D. The Seven Known Types of Nonverbal Communication Facial expressions Although people come from different parts of the world with different cultures, they all still have the same facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust. These expressions are almost universal. For instance, if one was to attend a wedding ceremony with a sulky face, this clearly shows that he or she is unhappy with the ceremony or simply just had a bad day. Body movements and posture The perceptions of us from others are affected by how we sit, talk, stand or even by shaking or holding their hand. For example, when a person is in an interview with the human resource executive and starts fidgeting with his or her fingers or an object, this clearly sends a body language to the human resource executive showing that the candidate is feeling restless and in secured with his or her given credentials. This will make the human resource executive think twice before hiring this candidate. Gestures Gestures are practically incorporated into our daily lives. Some gestures occur during our subconscious state of thought. However gestures vary from each culture to another. We must heed to the listeners cultural norms to avoid misinterpretation. In some cultures, the gesture of pointing the finger at a person is disrespectful but to another culture is perfectly fine. Eye contact The human eyes can portray someones interest, affection, hostility or attraction towards the opposite sex. Eye contact is also another tool to show clarity of the speaker. Touch An example of touch as a form of nonverbal communication is a handshake. A handshake is used to convey a mutual agreement or when someone meets a new person. Besides that a warm hug is used to convey affection toward the particular person is being hugged. A pat on the back or shoulder is used for encouragement or to acknowledge someones presence. Space The distance the speaker is standing or seating towards the listener can be used to indicate the type of relationship they are having. According to Wikipedia there are four different levels of distance: intimate distance, personal distance, social distance and public distance. Intimate distance is the space for embracing each other, touching and whispering. Whereas, personal distance is the space for interactions among friends and family. On the other hand, social distance is the space for acquaintances or people whom you meet randomly or even mutual friends. The public distance is for public speakers who deliver their message to the masses to convey their thoughts and ideology. For example, politicians and professor who is giving a lecture in front of a huge number of students in an auditorium. Voice Saying something doesnt really make a great impact but instead the way you say something really has the potential to captivate your audiences. For example pauses can be used to show power and superiority. On the other hand, the intonation n rate of speech and enhance the understanding of the listener. For example, if one was to speak really fast I am sure that the listener would only manage to understand the gist of what the speaker was saying. This is the reason one should say what he intends to say by saying it with the proper intonation, pauses and tone to deliver his message clearly to the listener in order for him or her to understand what the speaker is saying. The Common Misconception Some people feel assume that they can fake body language to hide their feelings. This is a total failure; this is because the more a person tries to fake their body language the more obvious it will look completely unnatural. This will definitely portray a sense of insecurity towards the person whom he or she is conversing with. The truth, body language is the bodily reaction towards a feeling felt by the body of a person and its completely natural. This is why one cannot successfully fake his or her body language. What is said by the person runs congruently with the body language of the person. This is another well-known reason behind why nonverbal communication is just as equally important as verbal communication. The Basic Importance of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication can be used to gain trust from the people whom you converse with. This is because, through the body language projected, one can simply read it and if you are lying or saying the truth. Instead, if you manage to portray a confident body language, this will automatically tell the person whom you are conversing with that you are a trustworthy and honest person telling the truth. When you have gained their trust, the message which you would like to send across would be successful. Businessmen who are well of this are very successful in their courier simply because they have gained the trust of the buyer. Relationships sometimes fail because the partner is able to read the body language of his or her other half. When a person cheats on his or her partner they tend to lack eye contact frequently and appear tense and agitated as in always fidgeting with their hands. But if one wasnt cheating but its simply his or her character to act in such a way then it will send a wrong message across to the partner. This is another importance of the knowledge of nonverbal communication in daily live. Conclusion Nonverbal communication is clearly as important as verbal communication. Basically, if everyone had more knowledge about the importance or simply just the context of nonverbal communication I am sure that the world we live in would be a more understanding and peaceful place to live in. This is the reason why institutions should promote the importance of nonverbal communication to their student to create some sort of awareness among the students and to understand the importance of nonverbal communication.